Depression is a leading cause of disability, affecting approximately 5% of adults globally, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is twice as common in females as in males. Despite its prevalence, depression often remains underdiagnosed and undertreated, leading to unnecessary suffering for many.
Depression is more than just feeling sad; it’s a complex mood disorder that impacts various aspects of life. In this article, read more about what depression is, its symptoms, causes, and available treatments.
What is Depression?
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. It affects how one thinks, feels, and handles daily activities, often leading to significant impairment in functioning.
While occasional feelings of sadness are a natural part of the human experience, depression involves a persistent and overwhelming sense of despair that can linger for weeks, months, or even years if left untreated.
Types of Depression
The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) outlines several types of depression. They include:
- Clinical depression, or Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
- Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
- Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
- Other specified depressive disorder
- Unspecified Depressive Disorder
Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of depression can vary from person to person and may manifest both emotionally and physically. Common emotional and physical symptoms include:
- Persistent sadness
- Feelings of guilt or worthlessness
- Irritability
- Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities
- Changes in appetite and weight
- Difficulty concentrating, making decisions, or remembering things
- Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or oversleeping
- Fatigue
- Unexplained aches or pains
- Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, self-harm, or suicide
It’s essential to recognize these symptoms early on to seek appropriate support and intervention.
Causes
The exact cause of depression is unknown. However, several risk factors can predispose a person to depression. These may include:
- Family history of depression
- Imbalances in brain chemistry
- Traumatic life events
- Medical conditions
- Chronic stress
- Substance abuse
- Alcohol use
- Socio-economic factors
Treatment and Management
Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medication, lifestyle changes, and support from loved ones.
Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT), helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors contributing to their depression.
Medications, such as antidepressants, may be prescribed to alleviate symptoms and rebalance brain chemistry.
Additionally, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular exercise, balanced nutrition, adequate sleep, and stress management techniques, can complement treatment efforts and promote overall well-being.
Conclusion
Depression is a common mental health condition that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and changes in how you think, feel, and carry out daily activities of living, often leading to significant impairment in functioning. Depression is treatable, usually with psychotherapy, medication, or both. Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is essential.
